Version:1.0 StartHTML:0000000253 EndHTML:0000006377 StartFragment:0000002517 EndFragment:0000006341 SourceURL:file://localhost/Users/sabrinaaguiari/Documents/Microsoft%20User%20Data/Saved%20Attachments/Etruscan%20Sus%20Mobility%20Translation.docx Sustainable mobility refers to a system capable of reconciling the right to mobility with the need to reduce pollution and negative externalities such as greenhouse gas emissions, smog, noise pollution, urban traffic congestion and accidents. These externalities entail a social cost which impacts on everybody. Externalities can be removed only by an appropriate public regulatory policy.
Laws and regulations on sustainable mobility in Italy were issued by the inter-ministerial decree of Sustainable Mobility in Urban Areas of 27/03/1998. However, the legislation has not achieved the desired results. The problems related to mobility have been delegated to local governments, without the provision and adoption of a real action plan at the national and international level.

Some examples of intervention:

Local Public Transport
It 's the first historical form of sustainable mobility. Mass transport vehicles can reduce the use of private vehicles.

Preferential Lanes
These lanes are entitled and guaranteed only to public transportation (buses, taxi (?), emergency vehicles). This creates two types of traffic flow, congestion for private vehicles and more fluent movement for public vehicles.

Bike Lanes (?)
In some cities in northern Europe bike lanes are the real alternative to cars. Bicycle lanes are located on the side of roads and are exclusively reserved for bicycles. Cities like Amsterdam show that this choice is feasible and inexpensive. However this solution is only suitable in cities characterized by lowlands or plains.

Urban Toll
Urban toll refers to paid access to urban areas or roads. This intervention finds its greatest application in ‘Road Pricing’ - which requires the payment of tolls to all cars entering the city (ex. London).

Park Pricing (or parking fee)
The application of time parking tickets increases the cost of private car use and promotes access to short-term parking period. In Italy this is known as 'blue lines'. This form of intervention is particularly suitable in the central areas of the city, butcreates discontent in suburban and peripheral areas.

Car Sharing and Carpooling
These services are based on the principle of collective use of private cars. In the case of car sharing a car is rented for a few hours from a specific company and returned after its use. In the case of carpooling the car is owned by an individual that offers to give a lift to other people for trips home or to work, often friends or colleagues with the same time and journey demand.

Mobility Manager
The mobility manager is almost a mythological figure. It was introduced in 1998 with the purpose of analyzing the mobility requirements of employees of public and private companies, to facilitate car-pooling and synchronize public transport with official working hours. The mobility manager attends meetings and assemblies with local governments to improve roads and transport. The appointment of a Mobility Manager in private companies is only optional and therefore this figure has, in most cases, not been introduced.

Traffic Block
The temporary block of urban traffic is an emergency measure to reduce traffic and pollution. It does not solve the problem. The intervention aims to prohibit the use of cars in order to promote alternative and sustainable mobility systems (ex. public transport). The blocking of traffic may be partial or total. In case of repeated and periodic blocks, ‘alternate license plates' (odd or even) or  ‘vehicle types’ (euro0, EURO1, euro2, Euro 3, Euro 4) are chosen.